The Four Shipping Markets Economics Essay

Transporting industry ‘s resort area is a alone similar in some construction of other markets where trade goods are sold or purchased on one platform. Transporting market construction is distinguishable. The construction of the market is determined by its features like â€Å" the supply of service being offered, the type of the merchandise, the figure of operators, the barriers to entry or go out, the figure of consumers demanding the service. â€Å" ( Mc Conville 1999 ) . Some theories describe these market signifiers utilizing different theoretical accounts runing from perfect competition to Monoply. Transporting services is provided by four closely related markets, although trading in different trade goods. Even though the sections vary in character and intent, they still compete for lading and they all operate within the Four Markets of Shipping ( Stopford, 2009 ) . The alone mechanism of this market is that it is about unpredictable, nevertheless â€Å" the best commercial chances frequently arise when the markets behave inconsistently † . ( Stopford, 2009 )The four transportation marketsHarmonizing to Stopford ( 1997 ) the transportation industry can be divided into four markets, the: 1. Newbuilding market – where ships are being ordered 2. Cargo market – where they are being chartered ( used for transit ) 3. Sale and purchase market – where they are being sold to other ship-owners 4. Destruction market – where they are being sold to trash paces Key characteristics of transporting markets: –The Newbuilding marketThe new edifice market brings new ships into the transportation industry and sends hard currency out of the market as stuffs, labor and net income. The newbuilding market is merchandising ships that are non yet built in other words the ship ‘s keel may hold been laid. Hence, one time a ship is ordered, it will take up to four old ages to acquire ready for its sea tests. By this clip the full market conditions may hold been changed. It is hence of import to hold good anticipation of the hereafter before telling. Reasons for a purchaser to take to order a new vas alternatively of purchasing a pre-owned one can change, but in most instances it depends on the monetary values and besides depends on the proprietors design standards. The monetary values of the newbuilding market seems, harmonizing to stopford ( 2009 ) , to be merely every bit volatile as the sale and purchase market, hence at some occasions the newbuilding market can hold lower monetary values than the second-hand market.The cargo marketThe cargo market is seen as one individual international market divided into bomber markets for different types of ships. Harmonizing to Stopford ( 2009 ) , there are two different types of minutess in the cargo market, the: Freight contract where the shipper buys transit from ship-owners at a fixed monetary value per ton of lading. Time charter where the ship is hired on a daily footing Depending on which sector the shipowner and lading holder meet in, there are different types of contractual understandings used when â€Å" sealing the trade † . How the costs and duties are shared between the shipowner and shipper will settle the type of contact to be used ( Stopford, 2009 ) . i‚ ·iˆ Voyage charter: The shipowner transports the shippersaˆY lading from A to B for a fixed monetary value per ton. i‚ ·iˆ Contract of affreightment: The shipowner transports a series of lading packages for a fixed monetary value per ton. i‚ ·iˆ Time charter: The charterer is given operational control of the vas transporting his lading while the shipowner still has ownership and control over the direction of the ship. This can either be arranged for a individual trip or as a period charter. i‚ ·iˆ Bare boat charter: The charterer has full operational control of the vas, but does non ain it. This is normally arranged for longer periods ( 10-20 old ages ) . i‚ ·iˆ Freight derivative contract: The contract is arranged against an in agreement hereafter value of a cargo market index. The ship is fixed after all the formalities of type of contract and when the cargo rate is agreed between the two parties.The process is simple, a ship-owner has a vas for hire, a charterer has a lading to transport, and a agent puts the trade together. ( Stopford, 1997 )The Sale and purchase marketThe singular cardinal characteristic of this market is that the second-hand ships are traded like pokes of murphies at a state market. The participants are a mix of shippers, transporting companies and speculators and shipbrokers play an of import function in covering with minutess. Trade is between the ship proprietor and an investor who normally is another ship proprietor so the hard currency does non go forth this market and hence from the industry. The ships may be for sale because they are excessively old or make non follow with industry ‘s ordinances, or the proprietor may be hard currency strapped or has decided to alter company ‘s portfolio. Ship monetary values are really volatile, and the value depends on the cargo rates, age, rising prices and outlooks.The Destruction marketIt is the recycling market of the transportation industry. This market can be compared to the sale and purchase market, but the difference here is that the purchaser is a destruction pace and non a shipowner. When a ship-owner is no longer able to sell a ship S & A ; P, they will turn to the destruction market which is non, harmonizing to Stopford ( 2009 ) , a less glamourous market, nevertheless an indispensable portion of the full industry. This market can be compared to the sale and purchase market, but the difference here is that the purchaser is a destruction pace and non a ship proprietor, here every bit good ship agent plays an of import function. As the cargo market this market is besides a beginning for hard currency to the industry, here the purchasers of the disused ships are the scrap pace who demolish the ship and trade in the stell and other of import equipment and trim parts. This is particularly an of import beginning of hard currency in a recession and besides in order to maintain balance between supply and demand. These four markets are seen to be closely correlated, since the activities in each of these markets to a great extent affect all these four markets. These four markets work together linked by hard currency flow. ( Stopford,2009 ) Outside of these four markets are extra closely related markets, like the agents, funding, insurance, etc. This makes the full transportation industry composite where every party is of import for the full transportation industry, since they are impacting one and another so as to work closely to each other. Even though each market trade in a different trade good, we find the same shipowners trading in all 4, and their activities are closely correlated. They all respond to rhythms in trade, and as transporting companiesaˆY trade in all four markets, the hard currency flows in and out of the market is what drives the transporting market rhythm ( Stopford, 2009 ) .Transporting Market Model & A ; Shipping CycleThe maritime economic sciences is highly complex topic as Stopford asserts because of its â€Å" wavy nature † ( COSCO Summit 2007 ) , so one has to understand its theoretical account by foregrounding those factors that are most important.The economic sciences here is no different than others which take into history the demand and supply.Here It is the market mechanism which regulates supply and demand. The primary demand and supply driver in the transportation industry is freight rates, which determines the gross of transporting companies. Other drivers of the transportation industry are: Trade growing Geographic concentration of trade Menace of wars, buccaneering, storms and hurricanes Government countenances on cargo Entree to and suitableness of other manners of cargo The supply drivers of the industry include: Demand for oil and dry majority Climatic conditions ( rains, storms and tides ) Government limitations on cargo hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maersktankers.com/PublishingImages/Illustrations/tankermarket_illustration.gif Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.maersktankers.com/PublishingImages/Illustrations/tankermarket_illustration.gif Stopford ( 2009 ) nowadayss Ten variables in the transportation market modelfive each on the demand and supply side viz. DemandA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A Supply 1. World EconomyA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 1. World Fleet 2. Seaborne Commodity TradeA A 2. Fleet Productivity 3. Average HaulA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 3. Shipbuilding Production 4. Political EventA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 4. Trashing and losingss 5. Transport CostA A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 5. Freight rates Ten variables in the Transporting Market Model Beginning: Stopford, 2009 This Model, he breaks down into three constituents viz. Demand, Supply and Cargo market, Any instability provenders through into the 3rd portion of the theoretical account which links the other two through hard currency flows. Overview of the Dynamics ( As deduced from stopford 2009 ) When ships are in short supply, cargo rates ( ( i.e. , monetary value of sea conveyance ) are bid up and hard currency flows into the bank histories of ship owners.Eventually the increased hard currency flow starts to impact the behavior of both the shippers and shipowners. Although the cargo rate is non the lone factor that affects transportation, it is merely a benefit that the shipper additions from a combined conveyance operation ( Branch, 2007 ) . Other hard currency influxs come from the destruction market. The shipowners will likely get down telling new ships, while the shippers look for ways to cut theirA conveyance costs by detaining ladings, exchanging to closer providers or utilizing bigger ships. When there are excessively many ships, rates are bid down and shipowners have to pull on militias to pay fixed costs such as fixs and involvement on loans. As militias diminish some proprietors are forced to sell ships to raise hard currency. Monetary values of ships fall to a degree where shipbreakers offer the best monetary value for the older ships, cut downing supply.Changes in freight rates may besides trip a alteration in the public presentation of the fleet, through accommodations to rush and layup. This nexus between market balance and cargo rates is one of the most of import economic relationships in the theoretical account and it is controlled by shipowners who decide how to react. This theoretical account gives transporting market rhythms their characteristic form of irregular extremums and troughs. This is the market theoretical account lineation which controls transportation investing. The four mar-kets drive the transportation market rhythm. When the cargo rates in the beginning of the rhythm starts to raise the hard currency will flux into the transportation industry, taking to higher monetary values for second-hand ships. As monetary values continue to lift, this will take investors into the newbuilding market. When ship-owners have ordered sufficient of new ships, the rhythm is normally at its extremum, and finally the procedure will travel into contrary. When cargo rates start to worsen taking to less hard currency influxs, this will hold a negative impact on ship-owners, since in this phase they will get down to pay for their newbuilding ships. If ship-owners do non hold adequate liquidness this will coerce them to sell their ships on the 2nd manus market for garbages. If there are adequate new ships supplied in the 2nd manus market to low monetary values, the older ships will non acquire any offers and the proprietors are forced to direct them to the destruc tion market. As more ships are scrapped the supply of ships will travel down and freight rates will one time once more get down to lift and the whole market rhythm will get down from the beginning. ( Stopford, 1997 )Freight rate mechanismThe supply of sea conveyance is influenced by the cargo rate. This is a mechanism that the market uses to actuate determination shapers to set capacity in the short term and to happen ways to cut down costs in the long tally. Supply and demand are linked together through the cargo market and harmonizing to the balance of available ships and lading in the market, shipowners and shippers negotiate and seek to set up a cargo rate which best reflects this ; when there is a excess of ships the rates are low and when there is a deficit of ships the rates are high ( Stopford, 2009 ) . On the demand side, the demand map shows how shippers adjust to alterations in the cargo rate. For an single ship the supply map describes the sum of conveyance the proprietor can provide at each degree of cargo rates In response to freight rates the supply map plants by movingships in and out of service. There are three factors impacting the incline of the short-run supplycurve. First, the age of the vas, an older ship normally has higher operating costs, so lay-up will happen at a higher cargo rate than for newer ships. Second, the size of the ship ; larger ships have lower transit costs per ton of lading. Third, is the relationship between velocity and cargo rates, which can be defined from economic theory ; if the market is absolutely competitory, the ship will be operated at the velocity at which fringy cost peers the cargo rate ( Stopford, 2009 ) . Sellers and purchasers transact in the market and their supply and demand demands do the monetary value to travel. The â€Å" traveling monetary value † is an equilibrium value of the monetary value. This can be explained if we combine the demand and supply curve diagrams. The sea conveyance demand map shows the measure of sea conveyance shippers would buy at each degree of the cargo rate. The sea conveyance supply map shows the measure of sea conveyance bearers would offer at each degree of the cargo rate. The supply and demand curves intersect at the equilibrium monetary value in the transportation market, which determines the cargo rate at which the measure demanded by shippers for transportation services is equal to the measure supplied by bearers. At this point, both shippers and bearers reach a reciprocally acceptable cargo rate degree. Figure illustrates the cargo rate mechanism. In consequence the cargo rate mechanism is the ‘switch box ‘ which controls the sum of money paid by shippers to shipowners for the conveyance they supply. ( Stopford 2009 )Features of Transporting CyclesOverall, transportation is a cyclical, seasonal and volatile concern. Global economic conditions and political developments affect the demand side, while the size and handiness of the planetary fleet affect the supply side. Imbalances between demand and supply affect plus values, cargo rates and net incomes. The intent of transporting market rhythms is to take the weak histrions, go forthing merely the strong to last and turn. This will in the long-term create an efficient and competitory transportation concern ( Stopford, 2009 ) . Economists like Fayle ( 1933 ) , suggested that the transportation rhythm starts with a deficit of ships. The addition in the cargo rate stimulates overordering of new edifices. Finally, it leads to market prostration and a drawn-out slack. The transportation rhythm is a mechanism to equilibrate the supply of and demand for ships. If inordinate demand exists, the market rewards investors with high cargo rates until more ships are built. If there is inordinate supply, the market squeezes the gross with low cargo rates until ships are scrapped.What Causes the Transporting Cycle?The transportation market is driven by a competitory procedure in which supply and demand interact to find the cargo rate. Excessive demand leads to a deficit of ships, which in bend increases the cargo rate. On the other manus, inordinate supply of ships leads to a decrease in the cargo rate. In general, the transportation rhythm is alone, consisting the undermentioned features ( Stopford 2004 ) : The transportation rhythm is a mechanism to organize supply and demand in the transporting market. A complete transportation rhythm has the undermentioned phases: trough, recovery, extremum, and prostration. There are no set regulations about the length of each phase. There is no expression to foretell the form of the following transportation rhythm. Business rhythms are straight relative to transporting rhythms, these are the cause of fluctuations in seaborne trade and ship demand and these do non follow any set form therefore foretelling them becomes a really complex undertaking.

Scenarios Review Activity

Jones' students brings err a thank-you gift, she feels her heartbeat pick up and thinks how wonderful she feels as she experiences the joy Of receiving the gift. 4. At the end of her junior year, Susie is registering for classes for her last year of high school. She decides to register for an entire schedule of less-than-challenging elective classes, thinking to herself that everyone can get an A in those classes, so I'll blend right in. 5. John gets his exam score back in AP Psychology, sees the A+ he earned, and as his heartbeat picks up and his breathing speeds he feels an overwhelming life and excitement at his hard work paying off. . After running a marathon and burning an immense amount of calories, Jorge goes to Buffalo Wild Wings and eats fifty chicken wings and an order of potato wedges, downing 5 glasses of water. He probably? 7. Philip is a rather uptight person (what personality type is ), who is now suffering congestive heart failure due to years of compounding life prob lems, including financial trouble, marital struggles, and a high-stakes career with the federal government. 8.Josses decides to pursue a career in law because she understands it, she's good at it, but it still presents a challenge, rather than pursuing medical degree due to her struggles in science classes. 9. Michael Phelps has decided to come out of retirement and work to become the best swimmer he can possibly be at the next summer Olympics (as long as he can stay away from drugs and alcohol :-)) 10. While watching Paranormal Activity 38 , Franks heart pounds, he starts to sweat, and his pupils dilate, then he feels as scared as he's ever felt in his life. KEY instinct 1 .When touched on the cheek, newborn baby Nolan turns his head ND opens his mouth to receive the potential food. Moscow s- physiological 2. Every afternoon, in her first grade classroom, Mrs.. Jones gives students a snack so that they aren't hungry and can focus better on their learning. Two-factor 3. When one of Mrs.. Jones' students brings her a thank-you gift, she feels her heartbeat pick up and thinks how wonderful she feels, when she then experiences the joy of receiving the gift. Low-achievement motivation 4. At the end of her junior year, Susie is registering for classes for her last year of high school.She decides to register for an entire schedule of less-than- challenging elective classes, thinking to herself that everyone can get an A in those classes, so I'll blend right in. Cannon-Bard 5. John gets his exam score back in AP Psychology, sees the A+ he earned, and as his heartbeat picks up and his breathing speeds he feels an overwhelming relief and excitement at his hard work paying off. Drive-Reduction 6. After running a marathon and burning an immense amount of calories, Jorge goes to Buffalo Wild Wings and eats fifty chicken wings and an order of Toto wedges, downing 5 glasses of water.

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Health Demographics in Derbyshire

Health Demographics in Derbyshire (Derby city council, 2013) Dermography Alvaston is in the south east of Derby city centre and approximately covers 702 hectares. It has expanded with the arrival of the railways and linked employment in the 19th century (Derby city council, 2011). The population of Alvaston is 16,255. 50.3 % are females and males make 49.7% and this follows a national trend (D.C.C, 2011). Alvaston has a higher number of children of the ages of 0-4, 2% more than England average (ONS, 2011). An increase in number of children is said to be a result of having a large population of women of childbearing age. This is reflected in the Ward. There is a higher percentage of women in this age range, potentially increasing the number of children in the Ward (ONS, 2013). Due to the vast improvements in healthcare infant mortality rates have continually decreased over the years (ONS, 2013). The high number of children can increase pressures on the local services such as childcare providers, schools and health visiting services. Gender Fig 2. According to ONS (2011) Alvaston ward has more females than males and this follows a national trend. Naidoo and Wills (2010) points out that women live 6 years longer than men on average. This is said to be because women are more likely to report illness and are less likely to be in full time employment, therefore having easier access to healthcare while men are exposed to unsafe working environments and tend to adopt risky behaviours socially, like alcoholism and they contribute to a high number of accidents. (Annandale and Hunt, 2000) Ethnicity Adapted by Author (ONS,2011)Fig 3. Alvaston Ward is not ethnically diverse, its population is predominantly white, accounting to 88% of the ward population, slightly higher than national average (ONS, 2011). However Asians make 5% of the biggest ethnic group population. Ethnicity plays a role in terms of illness and behaviour, furthermore some diseases are more prevalent in certain ethnic groups, and for example, cardiovascular diseases are more common in Asian men (NHS, 2015). Genetics cannot be altered but it is important for health professionals to be aware of such groups to allow proper preventative preparation and screening processes for diseases and illnesses prevalent in particular ethnic groups. Disease Paterns Adapted by Author:ONS,2012Fig 4. Morbidity Alvaston has good access to primary care services. There are three Gp practices, four pharmacies, four dental practices and an Optometrists serving the ward (Derby city council,2012).The ward has a significantly high percentage of people with emergency hospital admissions for myocardial infarction, 40% more than national average (local health.org.uk).The main cause of MI is smoking Coronary heart disease is also high at 38% more than national average. According to Naidoo and Wills (2010) coronary heart disease is one of the most commonly reported longstanding illness in the UK. It is the most common cause of premature death, and often results from a number of lifestyles factors (see Fig ) such as diet high in fat, smoking, alcohol and lack of exercise (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). Health practitioners have a role to construct programmes to tackle causation factors and educating the public about the risks accredited to certain habits and practices. Mortality Fig 5. Mortality is one of the indicators of deprivation, early mortality rates from Coronary heart disease are 39% higher in Alvaston compared to nationally (PHE, 2013). The death rates from CHD has increased to three times higher among unskilled man than among professionals (DOH, 1999). CHD is caused by key lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, poor nutrition, obesity, lack of exercise and high blood pressure (DOH, 1999). The ward is also high in smoking (see lifestyle graph). Poorer people are often exposed to highest risk as low socio economic status and lack of education seem to be associated with behavioural risk factors for CHD (Hemmingway, 2007). The increase of influencing factors to CHD start in childhood, and this has authenticated the healthy child programme.(DOH,2008). Although there are many causes of CHD, communities need to be made aware of the changeable risk factors. Unemployment has also shown to increase the risk of CHD, unemployment levels are higher in Alvaston compared to nationally. The DOH(2000) government document ‘Saving Lives: Our healthier nation has recommended that Health and Local authorities should lead the development and implementation of a comprehensive local programme of effective policies to reduce smoking, promoting healthy eating, physical activity and reducing overweight and obesity. In Alvaston, these services are provided by the Live-well, which is a local authority project. Cancer incidence Adapted by author: ONS, 2011Fig 6. Over 250 000 people in England are diagnosed with cancer, despite the developments made to tackle it, a big gap remains in mortality rates (Naidoo Wills, 2010). The increase in cancer rates is said to be a result of longer life expectancy, however according to ( ) work environment contribute to cancer mortalities. Workers from low class jobs are twice as likely to die from cancer as compared to professionals are (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). In Alvaston the majority of the workforce are in elementary jobs (see Fig ) and there are many smokers therefore increasing the prevalence of lung cancer to 44% more than national average. The NHS Framework, a strategy for cancer has set out actions to be used to tackle preventable causes of cancer (DOH, 2011). The focus is primary, this is aimed at health education and support for behaviour changes, especillially in relation to smoking and healthy eating. And secondary focus is intended at increasing the uptake of screening services (DOH.2011). And some of the environmental factors that are linked to cancer are being acknowledged and developed (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). Life expectancy Adapted by Author: ONS, 2011Fig 7. Life expectancy at birth defects in Alvaston is worse off compared to national average, Males at 5% worse and females at 4% worse (ONS, 2011). According to Doyal and Payne (2011) Lower life expectancy is linked to deprivation and lower socio economic status. Determinants of Health Determinants are described by World Health Organisation (2013) as the causes that impact health, such as conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age including the health system. Some of these determinants are changeable like social, economic, environmental conditions that influence the health of individuals and populations (Marmot, 2010).Availability of resources that improve quality of life can have a big impact on population health outcomes, for example, availability of healthy foods, affordable housing, access to education and health services (Marmot, 2010) and these determinants can be altered either at community or social policy level. Index of Multiple deprivation Adapted by Author: (ONS,2012)Fig 8. Indices of multiple deprivation are those factors that are used to measure deprivation in an area. These measures include measurement of income, health, education and housing (Derby city council, 2012). Alvaston is one of the most deprived wards in the country, ranked fourth most deprived of all Derby Wards (Derby city council, 2010). Index of Multiple Deprivations (IMDs) measures level of deprivation in lower layer super output areas (LSOAs) (Derby city council, 2012) Childhood poverty is significantly high in the ward at 15% higher than national average, disadvantaged older people measure high at 25%, makes it 7% higher than national average, income deprivation also measure at 7% higher than England average (Derby city council, 2012). Green et-al (2015) points out that constant childhood poverty is damaging as it does not only affect in short term but it has long lasting effects and it adds to sustaining cycles of deprivation. In order to reduce childhood poverty, the government has set strategies to tackle inequalities (Green at-al, 2015). Fair society, healthy Lives document, and its first recommendations from the Marmot review (2010), are that every child is given the best start in life. These recommendations are sanctioned through a wide range of policy initiatives, including sure start, healthy child programme and Child Poverty Act, 2010. (Marmot, 2010). Education Adapted by Author: ONS, 2012Fig 8. Education is an important social determinant of health Ungerleider et-al (2009). There is a pointedly higher percentage, totalling to 33% of people with no qualification in Alvaston than England average of 23% (Derby city council, 2011). Education is linked to other health determinants in that good education increases the prospects of getting a safe and well-paying job with good working conditions (Benatar and Brook, 2011).educated individuals tend to adopt healthy lifestyles behaviours, furthermore it is Identified Health Need Adapted by Author: ONS,2012Fig 9. Coronary heart disease (CHD) Coronary heart disease is described as the narrowing of the coronary arteries, which are one of the important structures in the heart, due to build-up of fatty material within their walls and therefore damaging these vessels and thus limiting their ability to deliver blood to many organs including the heart.(BHF,2010)(Granato,2008). Coronary heart disease is also classed as cardiovascular disease, and these are said to be one of the main causes of death in Europe (BHF). In Alvaston there is a substantial percentage of coronary heart disease, amounting to 177 percent, almost doubling national average amongst the under 75s (ONS, 2012). According to the Derby city council (2012) health and wellbeing is determined by many factors, and it is clear that effects on health can be due to a number of interrelating variables. Coronary heart disease is caused by many lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, unhealthy diet (high in fat and salt), obesity and not exercising. Other factors include family history, ethnicity and co-existing predisposing factors like Diabetes and High blood pressure (Naidoo and Wills, 2010). The more risk factors an individual has the more they are likely to develop Coronary heart disease and the risk increases with age (British heart foundation, 2012). There is a small percentage of people eating healthy on the Ward and as already discussed that this is linked to CHD. Obesity increases the risk by 46 percent and physical inactivity by 37 percent and this reflects the high levels of the disease in the ward (Derby city council, 2012). Although coronary heart disease typically occur in middle age or later, it is said to be higher among the lower socio-economic communities and more men die as a result of CHD while women are more likely to die from stroke, and this is said to be due to behavioural factors associated with the risks (Doyal and Payne, 2011). To combat Heart disease the government has put in place many policies in collaboration with the Food Standards Agency to reduce the intake levels of unhealthy eating and salt (Marmot, 2010) (WHO,2015). The Department of Health document, ‘Saving Lives: Our healthier Nation(1999) has also made recommendation to tackle coronary Heart Disease There has been a reduction in the advertisements for unhealthy foods during children’s television programmes (NICE, 2010). Clear labelling and traffic light system on food labels were introduced to encourage people to make healthy option choices (DOH, 1999) (British heart Foundation). Promoting physical activity in the workplace is very well encouraged across the country and the use of green space areas to encourage exercise (Marmot, 2010) as well as introducing plain standardised tobacco packaging and banning tobacco advertisements and Smoking cessation (The white paper,2010).

Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development Essay -- Papers Ps

Comparing the Two Theories of Cognitive Development There are three main types of cognitive development. There is Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory and the Information processing approach. The two theories that I am going to compare and contrast are Piaget and Vygotsky's theories. There are many differences between these two theories, but there are also many similarities too. Piaget suggests that cognitive development takes place as a result of experiences which force the child to accommodate new information, creating new schemas and occasionally leading to a qualitatively different kind of thinking- moving from one stage to another, but these changes need to depend on readiness. However, Vygotsky placed more of an emphasis on the importance of social context in transforming elementary into higher mental functions, and the role of the ZPD in understanding how this transformation takes place. Piaget's theory, also known as the 'discovery learning theory', brought up two ways in which schemas became more complex, assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is basically the process of fitting new information and experiences into existing schemas, and accommodation is the process of changing the existing schemas when new information cannot be assimilated. An example of this could be when a child has a schema "wings, beak and being able to fly" (a normal bird). Every new instance of a creature with the same characteristics is assimilated into this schema. But when that child sees an aeroplane in the sky, the child asks what it is. The aeroplane challenges the current schema. This new information cannot be assimilated into the ... ...cross cultural research based on Piagets theory. Piaget produced the first comprehensive theory of children's cognitive development. The theory has been more extensively developed than any other it has changed our ideas about children and has had a general influence on educational practice has. Also the good theories should generate research and Piaget's theory has certainly done so. Piaget's theory under emphasizes the role of language and social interaction in cognitive development. Vygotskys theory focuses on the process of cognitive development rather than the outcome, and this is harder to test. Vygotskys ideas on cognitive development have had considerable influence. Although Vygotsky produced very little direct empirical evidence, other researchers have provided support for his ideas and their application.

The Power of Painting in Kate Chopins The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening Essays

The Power of Painting in Kate Chopin's The Awakening The Awakening by Kate Chopin displays the struggle a woman goes through in order to break the current status quo. In this novel, Edna Pontellier releases herself to her deepest yearnings, plunging into an immoral relationship that reawakens her long dormant desires, enflames her heart, and eventually blinds her to all else. As she goes through these changes Edna involves herself in many different activities. Painting becomes one of her favorite pastimes and her artwork often depicts an important person in her life. Her impulse to paint is driven by her current emotion; this would explain the passion inserted into each peace of art. Edna is fascinated by painting and attempts to sketch and paint her friends. She has the opportunity to paint Adele Ratignolle, a woman she claims to be as poised as a Madonna. "Never had that lady seemed a more tempting subject than at that moment, seated there like some sensuous Madonna, with the gleam of the fading day enriching her splendid color" (22). Edna attempts to capture the scene with Adele and replicate it on her sketch pad but falls short. "After surveying the sketch critically she drew a broad smudge of paint across its surface, and crumpled the paper between her hands" (22). Edna in this way is a bit of a perfectionist. She will not accept anything less than faultless. If it does not successfully capture the image in the way that she herself sees it, it is deplorable. Luckily this is a recently acquired outlet and she has accepted the fact that her art might not be as good as it can be. Edna throws away some of her sketches, claiming to be an amateur artis t. If she held herself to a higher degree of talent it would more difficult for her to accept these imperfections. This attitude towards her painting relates just as easily to her attitude regarding life. Towards the beginning of the novel, Edna is more passive about the way she is living, the same way she is passive about throwing out her sketches. As Edna describes her youth and distant life in Kentucky, she paints images in her mind. She desperately wants to paint them, but instead uses the paint of memories.

Mozart Essay examples -- essays research papers

MOZART Mozart is perhaps the greatest musical genius who ever lived. Mozart 's full name is Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Most people called him Mozart or Wolfgang. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria, January 27, 1756. Mozart is the greatest musical child prodigy who ever lived. He began composing minuets at the age of 5 and symphonies at age 9. His father took him on a series of concert tours together with his sister, Maria Anna; born four and one-half years before Mozart. She too, was a child prodigy. Both played the keyboard, but Mozart became a violin virtuoso, as well. In 1762 he and his sister, "Nannerl," as she was nicknamed, performed before the Elector of Bavaria in Munich, and at the Imperial Court in Vienna. In 1763 the Morzart's visited Mannheim. This is where Mozart, learned all about the orchestra and symphonies composed there. In London Mozart met the son of J. S. Bach. He played before distinguished audiences, and composed a sacred chorus. In 1770, he began to master the two types of Italian opera: opera buffa (comic opera) and opera seria (serious opera). In 1777, Mozart's family visited Paris. His mother fell ill and died during their visit. In 1782, Mozart married Constanze Weber against his father's wishes. In 1783, Mozart and Constanze visited Salzburg, where he helped Michael Haydn out of a difficult spo...

Hamlet’s Values Prevail Essay

Mark Twain once stated, â€Å"It is curious – curious that physical courage should be so common in the world, and moral courage so rare.† The zealous struggles between internal and external gratification and somatic and ethical honour have incontrovertibly led to man’s continual battle for integrity – pride versus ethics. Religious teachings impart that one show respect to all and utilize the power of oration to convey ideologies; yet religious crusades have instigated the bloodiest and most deadly battles in human history. Man’s universal and timeless question asks whether it is ethical to defend one’s honour through brutality or if the use of language and moral lessons are sufficient to deliver the message. Analogously, William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Hamlet bequeaths enlightenment to its audience of the universal beauties and faults of mankind on the comprehensive debate of integrity. The tragic hero, Prince Hamlet of Denmark, vies to comprehend his uncomfortably altered environment, while he relentlessly endeavors to seek morality, logic, and reason in a world where corruption and greed autonomously dictate action. His mother’s precipitous remarriage, the tormenting death of his father, and the forsakenness Hamlet feels from those he held close lead him to render epiphanic cognizance. Shakespeare’s use of soliloquys bestows unto the audience a voyeuristic view into Hamlet’s personal meditations, highlighting Hamlet’s introspective state. Though his vulnerability and pathos at times render him ineffectual and indecisive, it is purely reflective of his humanity and that is what entices him to the audience. Hamlet is in an internal battle with the imperfections of the world around him. In the hypocritical nation of Denmark, Hamlet is thrust into witnessing indecencies, both externally and in his own home; thus Hamlet’s lack of action is conjured not by feebleness of character. It is the moral contradictions and duplicity in the world before him that hinder his actions; he operates therefore with ethics, prudence, and wisdom. Heroic valor sets Hamlet apart from the supplementary nobility in Denmark. After the enigmatic death of the erstwhile King Hamlet Senior, goes unquestioned, Hamlet’s morals compel him to seek answers. Before Hamlet can pursue the truth he must however come to terms with his mother Gertrude’s remarriage to his father’s brother, Claudius. Disappointment in his mother and grief for his father, lead Hamlet to his first soliloquy, wherein he describes the consequences of suicide and his mother’s immorality. Even in his melancholia Hamlet understand the magnitudes of â€Å"self-slaughter,† as â€Å"the Everl asting [has] fixed / his canon ‘gainst† it (1.2.135-136). His ability to look past the superficial transient benefits of iniquitous actions helps Hamlet to stay firm in his beliefs throughout his journey. Though dismayed as to how â€Å"rotten in the state of Denmark† it is, Hamlet expresses his emotions by reacting to his surroundings in a gallant manner (1.4.90). Upon meeting the ghost of the late King, Hamlet is incensed by the horrific crime his â€Å"uncle-father† has committed (2.2.399). However, Hamlet does not immediately take the words of the ghost as factual; in his second soliloquy he concludes â€Å"the spirit that [he has] seen / may be a devil† and that he cannot trust him without evidence (2.2.627-628). Hamlet decides â€Å"the play’s the thing / wherein [he will] catch the conscience of the king† (2.2.633-634). Hamlet realizes the depravity of slaughtering a man based on the conjecture that he is a murderer. He refuses to place such marginal worth on an individual life as to take it without knowing the truth. In the most famous soliloquy of all the Shakespearean plays, Hamlet debates the value of life and the consequences of death; Hamlet asks â€Å"to be or not to be† (3.1.64). Realizing that death is a misleading and temporary fix, as one knows not of what lies hereafter – possibilities of eternal suffering from â€Å"the pangs of despised love† and life’s unanswered questions – Hamlet concludes â€Å"conscience does make cowards of us all† and with over analysis action is lost (3.1.74-96). Though the ghost’s words attest to be true as the players reenact the murder of the late King Hamlet in The Mousetrap, Hamlet waits to execute his plan. Morality often stifles one’s acceptance and trust in others. As his family has forsaken him, his childhood friends Rosencrantz and Guildenstern comply with the will of the king to remove him, and those living within the walls of Elsinore Castle perceive him to be insane, Hamlet has but one true confidant – Horatio. Hamlet’s most enlightening epiphanic moment comes as he prepares for the match against Laertes; he finally untangles the webs of deceit which have been clouding his moral judgment. He responds to Horatio’s worry for the battle’s conclusion by telling him, â€Å"not a whit, we defy augury † he further explains, man does not control fate; if it is meant to happen, it will (5.2.231-238). Hamlet has hitherto looked at life like a slow moving game of chess, evaluating each move he makes by weighing the consequences of the subsequent moves; he now understands he must leave his fate in the hands of providence. Hamlet’s dawdling journey comes to a rapid close in the final act of the play. During the match against Laertes Hamlet is made witness first hand to his â€Å"uncle-father’s† crimes; Claudius accidentally murders both Gertrude, with the wine he had poisoned for Hamlet, and Laertes, by the poisoned sword intended for Hamlet. Hamlet no longer stands idly by whilst the injustices of Claudius tear his country down. Though he too is poisoned by Laertes’ blade, Hamlet fights for the justice of Denmark and slays Claudius once and for all. The tragic resolution leaves a bloodstained Denmark distraught and uncertain, yet the heroic legacy of Hamlet’s valor and morality live on. Horatio recounts Hamlet’s tragic tale as Fortinbras of Norway captures Denmark. Hamlet is buried â€Å"like a soldier to a stage, / for he was likely, had he been put on, / to have proved the most royal† (5.2.442-444). Though Hamlet never wishes to be king, his pure humanity and strong morals prove to manifest his capabilities, even after death. It is integral for any actor playing the role of Hamlet to be well versed in the characteristics of his Hamlet predecessors, and to embrace their qualities while learning from their frailties. Whether on stage or on film, Hamlet is one of the most challenging roles for any actor to play. Two contemporary silver screen adaptations of Hamlet by Kenneth Branagh and Franco Zeffirelli portray the young Prince as a grieving individual vying to keep his virtue as corruption ensues. Branagh presents Hamlet’s famous â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy as the cinematic essence of the unraveling of Hamlet’s layers. Hamlet questions the meaning of right and wrong, while searching for his own purpose within the mirrors. Unfortunately for Hamlet, the mirrors neither hold truths nor divulge answers, thus he is left feeling a forsaken sense of betrayal. Branagh’s acting and directing are impressive in this scene, his emotions depict Hamlet’s internal conflict; he attempts to keep hold of his morals in a world void of any such ethics. Zeffirelli’s interpretation of Hamlet’s renowned â€Å"To be or not to be† soliloquy captures a darke r side the tragic hero. Though Mel Gibson’s superb acting highlights Hamlet’s emotional conflict of where he morally stands, the distrait directorial choice to locate the scene in the family crypt conveys too nefarious a mood and is confusing to the audience. Zeffirelli’s redemption comes in a glorious form – his interpretation of Hamlet and Horatio’s conversation in the play’s final act. Zeffirelli shows an excellent understanding of the play’s overall purpose. He depicts Hamlet’s epiphany as a monologue rather than the end of a discourse between friends. By omitting Horatio from the latter portion of this scene, the audience is able to see Hamlet’s shift in perspective develop on its own. Hamlet overlooks the ocean and its horizon as he decides let his fate rest in the ebb and flow of life. Contradictorily, Branagh, using Shakespeare’s original context, does not enhance the viewer’s perception of Hamlet’s conflict. Rather Branagh chooses to show the intimate relationship between Hamlet and Horatio. Kenneth Branagh’s brand of symbolism in â€Å"Hamlet† delves into the true meaning beneath the pages of Shakespeare’s written word. He surpasses the usual film adaptations of a drama, which fail to provoke the imagination. He probes the audience with strong symbolism forcing thought, questioning, and imagination beyond the physical. Franco Zeffirelli, dissimilarity attempts to engage the viewer by shortening the scenes and speeches apropos to the common Hollywood adaptation. While the pace may be more exciting, it loses in cinematic depth. A great production of Hamlet incorporates the strife between the external forces pulling man from his values and learned morals. Hamlet should be portrayed by his struggle to protect his humanity while those he cares for try to strip the essence of morality from him. As Hamlet traverses grief, the actor should have the emotional depth to connect with the viewer, and versatility to surpass the realm of pure poignancy to enter profundity. Hamlet’s instructions to the players should be heeded by any director â€Å"let your own / discretion be your tutor. Suit the action to the / word, the word to the action, with the special / observance, that you overstep not the modesty of / nature† (3.2.17-21). Plays should convey a universal struggle of man and act as a window to the natural world, where the audience members are permitted to view the intimacies of a society contrasting their own – to this rule, Hamlet is no exception. Works Cited Hamlet. Dir. Franco Zeffirelli. Perf. Mel Gibson, Glenn Close, and Alan Bates. DVD. Hamlet. Dir. Kenneth Branaugh. Perf. Kenneth Branaugh, Julie Christie, and Derek Jacobi. DVD. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. Barbara A. Mowat. Simon & Schuster, 2003. Print.

How does Henry Jekll’s full statement of the case resolve the questions raised earlier on in the novella? Essay

In the late Victorian society (1886) new scientific theories have be developed and disputed because the traditional scientists believe that god created man and that nature should not be tampered with. These new theories might have influenced the author R.L Stevenson to write the â€Å"the strange case of dr. Jekll and Mr. Hyde†. One person that might have influenced him is Charles Darwin who wrote â€Å"the origin of the species†. The novella is about the â€Å"duality of man† because in the story it mentions † that man is not truly one but truly two†. This idea is explained throughout the story and so is the idea good and evil. It explores human nature through the good Dr. Jekll who shows the respectable side of humanity and MR. Hyde is the â€Å"pure evil† side of man. At the start of the chapter, Dr. Henry Jekll is projected into the readers mid as a well-dressed and groomed, professional and respected man. He liked to work, which is shown in the section, which says, â€Å"I was inclined to industry†. And also knew that he would have a good future, for instance Jekll says â€Å"with every guarantee or an honourable and distinguished future â€Å". Jekll thought that to keep his high status in society he would have to lead a double life, this is shown in the paragraph, which says, â€Å"I concealed my pleasures†. This means that because he felt ashamed by â€Å"his pleasures† he had to create a second lifestyle in which he could do the things he wanted to that would have been seen as unacceptable in the eyes of others. Jekll started to dwell on the â€Å"duality of man† which means â€Å"that man is not truly one but truly two†. If you still don’t know what this means. Basically Jekll is saying that there are two sides to man, good and evil. Eventually dr. Jekll â€Å"managed to compound a drug† which would separate the â€Å"polar twins† (two sides of man). You know Jekll thought about it a lot because he says himself between lines 20-22 † I had learned ton dwell with pleasure, as a beloved daydream at the thought of the separation of these elements† The writer is basically saying that dr. Jekll daydreamed about a way to separate the two sides of men. However even after he concocted the potion it took him a long while before he got the courage to take it. We know this in Jekll’s statement; he wrote, â€Å"I hesitated long before I put this theory to the test of practice â€Å". He feared the drug because as he says in the text â€Å"I knew well that I risked death†. This means he doesn’t want to risk his life by taking the drug. Eventually â€Å"with a strong glow of courage, drank off the potion†. After Jekll took the drug he felt â€Å"the most pangs succeeded: a grinding in the bones, deadly nausea.† this quote describes the pains that Jekll feels when he transforms into Hyde. The very first time Jekll turns into Hyde he feels â€Å"younger, lighter, happier in body† the quote explains how much he likes being Hyde at first, because he gets to feel new and indecent sensations whilst he is Hyde. The first thing Jekll notices when he turns into Hyde is that he â€Å"was less robust and less than the good â€Å". What Jekll means by this because he can’t talk normally is that Hyde is a lot shorter and weaker. Dr. Jekll also noted â€Å"Hyde alone in the ranks of mankind, was pure evil†. This means that although everyone else in the world has a little bit of evil in them Mr. Hyde is pure evil. Dr. Henry Jekll mentions â€Å"an act of cruelty to a child â€Å". This is not at all described in detail in this chapter but is in heavy detail earlier in the novella. Later on Jekll tells of how he feels about his mental state with Hyde. â€Å"I was slowly losing hold of my original and better self and becoming incorporated with my second and worse†. This means that Jekll feels like he is losing himself and is turning into Hyde in his mind. After a while Jekll ignores his cravings for the drug but he does say in his state of mind â€Å"that I began to be tortured with throes and longings, as of the Hyde struggling after freedom†. Ounce he does take the drug he refers to Hyde as a â€Å"devil† that â€Å"had been long caged, he came out roaring†. Later while he was Hyde he kills sir Danvas Carew and he says â€Å"with a transport of glee, I mauled the unresisting body, tasting delight from every blow†. After Dr. Jekll realised that† Hyde was hence forth impossible†. Which means Hyde was impossible to control In this chapter there are not that many comparisons between Dr. Henry Jekll and Mr. Edward Hyde. There is however differences between their actions and reactions. For example the first time Dr. Jekll and Mr. Hyde he noticed that Hyde was shorter than Jekll but later on he notices that Hyde starts to grow as he becomes more and more evil. In conclusion I think that this chapter basically explains, in small detail what happened in the rest of the novella and most importantly it is in Dr. Jekll’s perspective which means that we the readers get the full picture because the others E.g. Mr. Utterson , sir Danvas Carew (pre-deceased) and others don’t know what the connection is between the well respected Dr. Jekll and the low life Mr. Hyde

Automobile and Private Cars Essay

Advantages and disadvantages of television The advantages and disadvantages of television Nowadays many people all over the world spent most of their free time watching television; but since its appearance, television has brought to man many advantages as well as disadvantages. First, television plays an important role in our daily activities: it keeps us informed of all current affairs in the world. Events through television are more vivid than those through books and magazines. Second, television helps us enrich our spiritual lives. Our knowledge is broadened in many ways. Through language teaching programs, we can learn the language we like such as: English, French, German, Chinese, Japanese and so on. We can become skilful and clever at doing jobs, making cakes or arranging flowers through practical courses taught on television. Finally, television is a source of recreation. Humorous stories and funnyfilms bring us minutes of relaxation after a hard day’s work. For me, sitting comfortably in an arm-chair to watch an international football match on television is more interesting than having to queue for tickets at a crowded stadium. Apart from its advantages, however, television also brings lots of disadvantages to viewers too. First, television viewers gradually become passive in their action. Television may be a splendid media of communication, but it prevents us from communicating with each other or with the outer world. The world seen through television is only the restricted one: It separates us from the real world. Second, television, with its fascinating power, makes people of all ages sink into oblivion: whole generations are growing up addicted to the telly. Pupils and students are so absorbed in television that they neglect theirschool activities. Food is left uneaten, homework undone and lessons unprepared. Housewives are so keen on watching television that they neglect their duties toward their husbands and their children. Instead of watching television, we may use the time for a real family hour. Without the distraction of television, we may sit around together after dinner and actually talk to one another to know and like each other better. Finally, the evil influence of television on the young generation is inevitable; it encourages them to commit crimes. Spectacles of sadism and violence on television lead them to robbery, theft, rape and murder. In a nutshell, television is useful to us when we know how to use it: Be careful not to overindulge ourselves in it and use it in a discerning manner. Today there is some changes in the educational system. In your opinion, how should we change to raise the quality teaching? Education is to draw the best in children and to develop their faculties. Education is a complicated affair as it is supposed to equip children for life. Since life styles are always changing, the contents of education must also be changed accordingly. The school is supposed to provide necessary experiences to the child. When a child leaves the school, he may lead a useful life. But in the traditional school, the child was supposed to learn mainly the 3 R’s. So the chalk bard and the text books were the main stay of theteacher who was to shape the character of the child. Rote memory was insisted upon and examinations were based on this learning technique. There was not much of a difference from year to year on the way children were tested. The examinations conducted did not test all the faculties of the child. So, it was necessary for those who got through examinations to be trained afterwards. In short, children were very rarely taught to learn for themselves. This had continued for so long and the practice had to be abolished. Once this was realized, many new methods of teaching were tired and many new aids had been used for a better education of children. Today the school is a very complicated organization; the teacher is no longer the sole arbiter. The children, instead of being passive listeners, have been made active participants. They are handling, feeling, planning, creating and learning with newer tools and aids. The subjectivity has give place to healthy objectivity. In order to make education relevant and meaningful, children are exposed to almost life like situations. They must know how to live as good citizens and honest members of society. They must know how to live as good citizens and honest members of society. The way the school creates situations with these ends in views is important. On the intellectual side, the library and the laboratory must play a vital role. They complement and supplement more and more, and the use of library and the laboratory must be encouraged through proper assignments. The playing field, various camps, many organizations like the Junior Red Cross, etc. have to be fully utilized to shape the character of the child. Beside the text books, there are other aids for learning. They much be judiciously used. In fact, there are hundreds of ways in which the audio-visual aids can be used with advantage. Examinations must not be used to show weakness but must be a yardstick for proving the all-round education of the student. The questions must be objective and reliable. The examinations must be welcomed by the students. In order to satisfy the diverse population, there must be diversity in programs, approaches, resources and aims and room for experiment. Examinations should be a challenge for students. The world is shrinking and nobody can feel parochial. So education must equip students for world understanding and world citizenery. Science and technology must find their places in any scheme of education. Any system of education must help turn out a fully developed and all-rounded personality. The difficulties in learning English and how to overcome them. Beginners of foreign language always meet difficulties from the outset. For me, I had to overcome these problems when I started learning English. English pronunciation is my first obstacle. The pronunciation in English puzzles me a lot because the same letter has different sounds. For example the letter â€Å"a† in â€Å"bath† is not pronounced in the same way of that in â€Å"bathe†. The â€Å"ou† in â€Å"South† is also different from â€Å"ou† in â€Å"Southern†. Generally verbs and nouns are pronounced differently although they are written the same. Record is a good example to illustrate it. In order to solve this puzzling question I carefully study The A.P.A (The International Phonetic Alphabets) which helps me pronounce English words correctly. In order to have an accent just like the native speakers, I often listen to tapes and repeat after them, trying to imitate them. Moreover, myeveryday conversation with the foreigners I meet in the street will enable me to acquire a proper accent. Compared with French, English grammar is much easier. However, this does not mean that learners meet no difficulties in learning it. It took me a long time to learn how to master the tenses in English grammar, to endeavor to do as many grammar exercises as possible and read various grammar books. In writing English, English language has its own style. In order to drillwriting skills, I have tried to read famous novels of distinguished America and English writers. I enjoy the humorous style of writing in Mark Twain’s masterpieces, the elaborate and polished style of George Eliot and the sentimental and lyrical style of John Keats. After long and hard years of English study, how pleased I feel when I am able to read English and American authors without any obstacles and difficulties at all. Your favorite hobby Everybody has his or her own hobby. For me, my favorite hobby is reading books. My father was not only a writer but a researcher as well. He had a great collection of books on many fields: literature, science, art, fiction and non-fiction. After his death, I inherited the most valuable treasure which has been preserved carefully up to now. As I have a large collection of books of my own now, I usually spend hours reading and thinking about facts described in each kind of books. Sitting comfortably in an arm-chair in the library with a book open on my knee, I recall my father who was absorbed in his reading, perusing the poems of John Keats, William Words Worth, Chateaubriand and Lamartine. I still hear his sonorous voice reciting rhythmical lines of poems in Kim Van Kieu’s story while his face was radiant with ecstasy and raptures. Through books I see many countries rise and fall. Kings and Presidents pass before my eyes and I can follow the history of nations. Each book has a story to tell me of remote countries and strange people. I am greatly indebted to books indeed. For me a good book is not only a true companion but also a well-experienced teacher guiding me through my life. It has the miracle to relieve my suffering and my hardship and reveal to me strange and new horizons. Reading books broadens my mind and improves my knowledge. Instead of indulging myself in futile entertainments, I am often keen on reading books which are always a source of comfort and relief to me and I am determined to preserve my father’s valuable treasure for my posterity. In a few words, the reading of books contributes to the moral and intellectual formation of a man’s personality. A shopping day We live in the suburb of HCM city. Twice a week my mother and I usually take a bus to HCM city to do some shopping. Yesterday was my mother’s off-day. Early in the morning we took a bus to town. We were in town just after seven and we had the whole morning for shopping. First, we went to the ready-made clothes department. My mother bought two white shirts for my father, a pair of blue jeans for my brother. I chose a pink woolen sweater. I liked it very much because it perfectly suited my complexion. At this department prices were moderate and we did not need to bargain. Before leaving, my mother bought herself two pairs of gloves. Next, we went straight to the shoe department. The shop-assistant greeted us warmly. He showed us pairs of shoes of really good quality leather. Leather shoes and sandals of various sizes and colors were on sale. The store was crowded with customers. They were either looking at the shoes or buying them. We both chose fashionable pairs of shoes and left. It was nearly eleven o’clock. We called at a little cafà © by the street-side to have lunch. After lunch we went to the park nearby. We took a rest on the bench in the shade of tall trees, waiting for the shops to be open again in the afternoon. At 2:00 p.m. we returned to the shopping center. We went to the Chinaware department. My mother needed a dozen of dishes and bowls. Enameled chinaware of different beautiful patterns attracted housewives’ attention. Finally, before returning home, we went to the stationer’s. My mother bought lots of stationery: ink, pens, ball-point pens and writing pad. On the way to the bus station we called at the fast food department to get some ready-cooked food for the family when we got home. Returning home, I felt quite tired but how interesting a shopping day it was!e Life in the city, compared with life in the country In my opinion, urban life or rural life has its own advantages and disadvantages. First, living in the city we may enjoy those benefits. – Communication and transportation systems are better. There are so many means of communication and transport that we can choose the ones we like best. We can get in touch with a friend or talk to him by phone without having to go out of home. – Thanks to electricity network and running water, our material lives are more comfortable. Supermarkets, markets and shops are found everywhere and we can buy anything we need providing that we can afford it. – Urban life provides us with all sorts of entertainments: televisions, radios, movies, theatres, concerts and famous recreation centers. – Living in town we can improve our knowledge easily by attending any schools, universities or evening classes where experienced teachers and professors are ready to satisfy our thirst for knowledge. Besides its advantages, urban life also has its disadvantages: – Our health is in danger: pollution by factories and heavy traffic may cause serious diseases to all of us. – Evil influence upon the young generation by obscene video films is inevitable. – Violent deaths happen regularly in such a crowded city with all kinds of vehicles. On the contrary, rural life seems ideal to all of us, especially to the old. – We can enjoy fresh, cool air and behold beautiful landscapes in the country. – How safe and delighted we are when we can sleep a sound sleep at any time of the day without being disturbed by sirens of cars or by deafening noises from manufacturing factories. – Our social lives in the country are easier: we can eat the food and vegetables we grow, the chickens and goats we raise. The countrymen lead a very simple life and they are quick at mutual help in any case. Apart from these advantages, living in the country we may meet lots of difficulties too. – Communication and transportation are obstructed by lack of means of transport or by floods in the rainy season. – Our knowledge is limited by being short of mass media. – Our social and physical lives are not as comfortable as those in town because of lack of electricity and medical care. In a nutshell, our love for town life or country life depends on our outlook and age. As for me, I always prefer rural life to urban life. The Advantages and Disadvantages of Private Cars. Nowadays, as people’s life quality develops, more and more families can afford to buy private cars. On one hand, private cars can make the travel more convenient, A case in point, if you have a private car, you will not have to go to work in a crowded bus everyday and still worry about if you are going to be late. And when you want to travel in someplace, driving by yourself in your own car is the most convenient and comfortable way. While on the other hand, private cars can be very expensive and the price of petrol is getting higher and higher, taking a bus is a less expensive way when travelling. When a city has too many private cars, it becomes easy to cause traffic jam, especially when people go to work and go home after work. And you may need to wait for hours in your car.What’s more, more and more private cars also means more and more pollution to the environment. The gas that cars discharged is a serious pollution to the atmosphere. All in all, there are both advantages and diaadvantages of private cars. In my opnion, you can use your own car when it is necessary and if you are not in a hurry, you can take a bus instead.the birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the invention of cars bring great benefit to all of us. But as proverb goes:no garden without weeds.car is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car. In winter.drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usuall y safe in their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to run a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contribute the lacking of energy. Secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problem–traffic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contact with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our en vionmental pollution can be avioded .and the strick law should be issued to keep the numbers of cars under control.thus,our heavier traffic can be solluted! —- There are some advantages to owning a car in an urban area. First, sitting in your car is much more comfortable than having to wait a long time for the arrival of the bus or train. In bad weather the driver of the car is warm and comfortable and is always guaranteed a seat. Second, in urban areas it is much safer to be in your car, especially at night, than having to walk down a dark street to get to a bus stop or train station. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages to owning a car. First, a car is expensive. Gasoline is not cheap and car insurance rates in urban areas are very high. There are other expenses to be considered too, such as car maintenance and repairs as well as having to pay for parking. Second, owning a car causes a lot of worry and stress. If you leave your car in the street it might get stolen or its parts might get stolen. It is also very stressful to be driving on the freeway or in traffic jams and there is the constant fear and stress of being involved in an accident. Advantages & Disadvantages About Social Networking. 1. Purpose: To inform about social networking. 2. Main Idea: By the end of my speech the audience should get an idea about the advantages & disadvantages about our every day’s use of the social network. 3. Developed Main Ideas: There are 2 points I want you guys to be informed about. Social networking is a wonderful task we can do on the internet, although, there are advantages & disadvantages that comes with it. 4. Sub points: The advantages of social networking: – keep in touch with friends and family – be informed about around the world – get feedback about ideas or thoughts – ask questions, get fast answers – helps you learn more diversity and get exposure to multiple points of view.

The Kantian View of Animal Ethics

Kant’s Ethics of Metaphysics: A Response To the Charge of Speciesism I. In this paper I will present the charge of speciesism contended by many animal right’s activists. I will attempt to substantiate Immanuel Kant’s view on animal morality and justify how his philosophy is not in violation of speciesism. Furthermore, I will explain how the Kantian view still grants animals some moral consideration through the designation of â€Å"indirect duties†. Lastly, I will present a difficulty with accepting the Kantian view of â€Å"indirect duties† towards animals.Moral quandaries regarding animals are still demanding the attention of many philosophers as they attempt to modify and inspect the relationship between morality and social policy. Contemporary applications of this issue can range from experimentations on animals for developing medicines (or even cosmetics) to whether human beings should avoid eating animal-based foods. There is a vast spectrum of moral issues that arise with respect to animals. However, most of the morally questionable situations are contingent on one fundamental question: do animals even have moral rights?And if so, to what extent? Although animal moral considerability has peaked the interest of many contemporary philosophers, such as James Rachels and Peter Singer, the question is really an age-old question that can be traced back to Plato and Aristotle. Immanuel Kant has probed the question of whether an animal has moral considerability. Kant continuously makes the distinction between humans and animals throughout his best-known contributions to moral philosophy.Therefore, I will address and present the counter-argument to the charge of speciesism, one of critical arguments of the animal rights movement, through a Kantian lens. II. One of the prevailing charges on humanity proposed by champions of animal rights is that humans act in violation of ‘speciesism’. The term, first coined by psycho logist Richard Ryder in 1973, is used to describe an arbitrary bias that humans have towards their own species (Homo sapiens).The argument is as follows: to assign primacy to humans by considering only a human to be within the system of morality is similar to other types of discrimination, such as racism and sexism. Just as in racism and sexism the dominating force arbitrarily assumes itself as the normative ideal, in this case whites or males respectively, so too human beings arbitrarily assume themselves as the ideal and to be the only species deserving of morality. Therefore, because there is no legitimate basis for this distinction, other species of animals should be equally included within the system of morality.Ryder believes that those in violation of speciesism â€Å"overlook and underestimate the similarities between the discriminator (humans) and those discriminated against (animals or any other species). † His argument assumes that most animals are fundamentally th e same. Of course those who charge humanity to be guilty of ‘speciesism’ acknowledge that there are obvious differences between humans and non-humans. They just believe these differences to be irrelevant for delineating the scope of a moral system. Man’s higher intelligence, being the most conspicuous difference, should have no authority on morality.If intelligence were the decisive factor then it would follow that people who are intellectually superior should be treated with superior moral standards. Moreover, some apes could potentially have more intelligence than a human if the human was insane or otherwise intellectually compromised. Thus, although intelligence is the distinguishing factor between most human beings and non-humans, it cannot be the sole criterion for defining a moral system . III. It would appear that aside from intelligence (that has no moral bearing) there is no fundamental quality that separates humans and non-humans.Therefore, animals real ly should be treated with equal moral standards, and those who do not equate moral rights are guilty of speciesism. Philosopher Michael Pollan challenges Kant with being in violation of arbitrary discrimination of animals; â€Å"none of these (Kant’s) argument evade the charge of speciesism† (pg 439 Vice and Virtue). So we are left with the daunting question: is there any validity to Pollan’s claim? At first it would appear that Kant presupposes human beings as the only species worthy of morality without giving any explanatory criterion. Kant evelops one of his foundational doctrines called â€Å"The Categorical Imperative†, which can be summarized in the following sentence: â€Å"Act in such a way that you treat humanity in such a way, whether in ourselves or in others, as an end in itself† (Groundwork II). It seems that Kant believes that human beings bar none deserve what he calls ‘respect’ or what we are calling moral consideration . However, after a closer examination it becomes apparent that Kant is not guilty of speciesism at all. In a remarkably similar excerpt Kant says, â€Å"as rational beings, we must always at the same time be valued as ends (pg 239 4:430).It is almost as if Kant just substituted the phrase humanity with rational beings. When both excerpts are read in conjunction it becomes apparent that Kant includes human beings into his moral system not because of an arbitrary nepotism towards his own kind (homo sapiens) but because of a human being’s attribute of rationality. In other words, Kant’s criterion for moral considerability is rationality and not intelligence. When Kant says to treat humanity in such a way, he is referring to a human’s rational nature, which happens to be the unique quality of human beings and is thus presented as rationality’s synonym.According to Kant, rationality is not the same as intelligence and is what makes human beings worthy of mora l consideration and animals unworthy. Rationality is the ability to be governed autonomously and make advised decisions of what is right and wrong. It is not the ability to display reasoning skills. Therefore, a being, such as a chimpanzee with excellent cognitive abilities, cannot exercise rationality, which is Kant’s basis for morality. Human beings, on the other hand, belong to a ‘Kingdom of Ends’, where moral laws are meticulously chosen by each individual.This capability to discern and choose which laws have absolute moral worth binds all human beings in a cohesive moral community. Each member of this community has the authority to legislate and decide which laws are unconditional and then subsequently act in accordance with those laws. Not even the highest functioning chimpanzee has the capability to decide whether an action can be universally applied. Nor can a chimpanzee mull over the question â€Å"what ought I do? †. Thus it follows that a person only has obligations towards other beings that can obligate themselves, or act rationally.Kant chose rationality as the marker that defines the line of required morality because of its pureness. Rational knowledge is not influenced by history, anthropology or psychology. It is not qualified by emotion. Other potential values, such as intelligence, have the possibility of being used immorally; â€Å"Intelligence and wit are doubtless in many respects good and desirable but they can also become extremely harmful if the will†¦is not good (pg 231). † Consequently, a being’s rationality, the ability to decide whether an action is ‘good’ universally, is the only incorruptible value that could define the scope of morality..Now that it is clear that Kant is not guilty of speciesism, since his moral system is predicated on the standard of rationality, one can still ask how Kantian Ethics views animals. Kantian Ethics prescribes indirect duties towards animals . This means that it is wrong to act maliciously towards animals because it will damage a person’s sympathies. Damaging ones sympathies will inevitability lead to a failure of ones duties to others. On the one hand, animals cannot be granted direct duties, for they lack rationality. Their moral value is categorized in a sort of limbo between inanimate objects and human beings.On a practical level, a Kantian might perform the same actions towards animals as a Utilitarian would. But Kantian Ethics is problematic for many philosophers, at least in theory. Christina Hoff offers an example where a â€Å"kind† man spends his life fulfilling his duties to himself and towards other human beings except he secretly burns stray dogs to death. Despite how disturbing and wrong this seems, Kantian ethics does not consider this man as having committed any wrongful action in and of itself. The suffering of the dogs is only problematic as it affects our duties to rational beings.It is difficult to challenge the Kantian view of animals on philosophical grounds. The Kantian moral system is consistent in that it is rooted in the assumption that rationality alone has absolute moral value. To challenge this assumption would involve dismantling Kant’s entire moral system by showing why rationality is inadequate as the supreme value. When Kant is concerned with damaging our sympathies he is only concerned in so far as sympathies ability to promote rationality and the ability to fulfill ones duties. He does not award sympathy any independent value.Yet, to allow, even if just in theory, the scenario of the man burning dogs seems against common morality. To be indifferent to an animals suffering is intuitively immoral. An animal rights champion would be more likely do adopt a Utilitarian view, which incorporates suffering into the fabric of its moral system. IV. Consequently, Kant can evade attempts to label him guilty of speciesism. Kantian ethics does have a crite rion that differentiates humans and non-humans. With rationality as its hallmark, Kantian Ethics views animals as deserving of only indirect moral considerability.As Christine Korsgaard explains in her essay Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals, â€Å"moral laws may be viewed as the laws legislated by all rational beings in the Kingdom of Ends (pg 5) Animals incidentally do not share this capacity for rationality. But if they did, they would surely be included. Interestingly, when referring to animals he ambiguously labels them as a human being’s analogue. Perhaps Kant was identifying that animals have similar qualities such as intelligence that link us together. But animals are analogues and not exactly similar.As such, Kant grants animals some moral considerabilitiy, through indirect duties, but not equal moral considerability. A being earns moral considerability only through the capacity to implement the Categorical Imperative and exercise an autonomous level of cogni tion, not through reasoning skills or mathematical abilities. Therefore, animals rightfully have moral limitations. Works Cited: 1)Ryder, Richard. â€Å"Richard Ryder: All Beings That Feel Pain Deserve Human Rights | World News | The Guardian. † Latest News, Sport and Comment from the Guardian | The Guardian. Web. 27 Dec. 2011. 2)Kant, Immanuel, and H. J. Paton. Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. New York: Harper & Row, 1964. Print. 3)Sommers, Christina, Frederic Tamler Sommers. Vice and Virtue in Everyday Life. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2003. Print 4)Korsgaard, Christine M. â€Å"Fellow Creatures: Kantian Ethics and Our Duties to Animals. † Www. Tannerlectures. utah. edu. University of Utah Press Volume 25/26. Web Author’s personal website 5)Sebo, Jeff. â€Å"A Critique of the Kantian Theory of Indirect Moral Duties to Animals. † Animal Liberation Philosophy and Policy Journal Volume II Pp. 1-14, 2004. Web.

Hacker Hunters Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Hacker Hunters - Essay Example The contemporary era is the era of information technology, where fast and speedy flow of information is the key to success for the great brands and multinational organizations carrying vast business volume and sound corporate reputation at global level. The most meaningful way, Gates observes, to differentiate your company from your competitor, the best way to put distance between you and the crowd is to do an outstanding job with information and management. How you gather, manage, and use information will determine whether you win or loose. (1999: 2) Fast information technology provides the retailers a comprehensive, an accurate and detailed picture of the entire socioeconomic, cultural and corporate scenario. Since the well-reputed organizations undergo data stealing and accounts hacking dilemma at the hands of cyber criminals, they devise and review strategies and implement them in an affective way in order to protect their products and services from going into the hands of hacker s and criminals. The big retailers seek support from the information technology in order to escape cyber crimes conducted by the hackers. In addition, executive information system and decision support systems are also applied by the big retailers to protect their data from hacking by cyber crimes including elevation of privileges, hoexes attacks, malicious coding and others. Before articulating the plans to avoid hacking of data, the organizations should look into the nature of theft committed by the cyber criminals. The big organizations apply different strategies and techniques to avoid identity theft. They often make alterations in the data safety programs, so that the access to the data related to their sales and clients’ personal information could be made secure. Sales automation force (SAF) is also applied by the retailers where all the date related to the sales of their products is preserved and monitored regularly in an organized way, which indicates the level of sales as well as all the necessary information related to the product volume a client maintains at their institution on daily basis. When an organization offers its customers the ability to purchase products over the internet, it certainly looks for implementing the appropriate security. Transactional information technology and phishing methodology is exercised by the organization s and big retailers for the protection of their data and products.